Metadata standards are structured frameworks for describing geospatial data. They ensure consistency, interoperability, and discoverability of datasets. Two of the most widely recognized standards for geospatial metadata are FGDC and ISO 19115. FGDC (Federal Geographic Data Committee) Standard ISO 19115…

Here’s a quick overview of common geospatial data formats, each suited for different types of geographic data and use cases: 1. Shapefile (.shp, .shx, .dbf, etc.) 2. GeoJSON (.geojson or .json) 3. KML (Keyhole Markup Language) (.kml, .kmz) 4. TIFF…

Crowdsourced geographic data in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) refers to spatial information collected, shared, or validated by the general public—often using internet-connected devices such as smartphones. This type of data is also called Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) and plays a…

LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) and photogrammetry are two powerful remote sensing technologies used extensively in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for mapping, modeling, and analyzing Earth’s surface and features. Here’s a breakdown of each and how they are applied in…

Surveying techniques in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) involve the methods and tools used to accurately determine the spatial location of features on the Earth’s surface. These techniques are foundational for building accurate GIS databases. Here’s a breakdown of the key…

GPS and GNSS in GIS are foundational technologies used to collect, manage, and analyze location-based data. Here’s a clear explanation of how GPS (Global Positioning System) and GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) are used in GIS (Geographic Information Systems): 🔍…

Topology in GIS (Geographic Information Systems) refers to the spatial relationships between features, such as how points, lines, and polygons connect or relate to each other. It’s a crucial concept for ensuring data integrity, accuracy, and meaningful spatial analysis. What…